{"id":7727,"date":"2022-05-22T00:04:23","date_gmt":"2022-05-22T00:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/?page_id=7727"},"modified":"2022-05-22T00:19:27","modified_gmt":"2022-05-22T00:19:27","slug":"antibody-mediated","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/antibody-mediated\/","title":{"rendered":"9a4 Antibody-Mediated Immunity"},"content":{"rendered":"<!--themify_builder_content-->\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-7727\" data-postid=\"7727\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-7727 themify_builder tf_clear\">\n                    <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-css_id=\"3ns0263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_3ns0263 tb_first tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_9dyz264 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_wtzn264 image-center   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-365\" title=\"Number 4 orange square\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_2qsk264  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h1>Antibody-Mediated Immunity<\/h1>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module icon -->\n<div  class=\"module module-icon tb_e71f265  normal circle icon_horizontal tf_textl\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"module-icon-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em class=\"tf_boxyellow\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t><svg  class=\"tf_fa tf-ti-angle-down\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#tf-ti-angle-down\" xlink:href=\"#tf-ti-angle-down\"><\/use><\/svg><\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>scroll down<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<!-- \/module icon -->\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"dy21263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_dy21263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_sm5h265 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_04ea265 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1165\" height=\"874\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=1165%2C874&#038;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-5379\" title=\"4\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1165px) 100vw, 1165px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_dkjq265 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_8q4d265  repeat  wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Antibody-Mediated Objectives<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_2hwa265  repeat  wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>Define what an antibody is and explain how it adheres to a pathogen.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Outline the steps of the antibody-mediated immune response.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><b>Explain why memory B and memory T cells are important.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_6pvm263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_wq5t266 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_gah1266 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" width=\"1165\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788-1024x723.jpg?fit=1165%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"350\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-5356\" title=\"shutterstock_1425363788\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=495%2C350&amp;ssl=1 495w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=300%2C212&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=1024%2C723&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=768%2C543&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=1536%2C1085&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_4odi266 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_72yc266  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Antibodies have been in the news a lot over the past year.\u00a0 The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can indicate that an individual had a COVID infection.\u00a0 Vaccines were given emergency approval in part because they resulted in a large antibody response.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Antibodies are proteins that adhere to the antigens on the surface of a pathogen.\u00a0 This is a specific fit, like a key in a lock.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_r3s9263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_2k0i266 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zp4k266   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The previous section focused on cell-mediated immunity.\u00a0 This section focuses on the other acquired and specific response: antibody-mediated immunity.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_fsie267 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/420941850?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_qzje263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-3 tb_74k8267 first\">\n                    <!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_fvcx267 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/421161802?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_qqo5267 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_6uba267   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>This poster summarizes the antibody-mediated response.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_zj6z263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_n3h5267 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_7ou1267   \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>One of the best ways to keep track of complex and overlapping processes is to sketch what you know.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module video -->\n<div  class=\"module module-video tb_ly86268 video-top  \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n                    <div class=\"video-wrap-outer\">\n            <div class=\"video-wrap tf_rel tf_overflow\">\n                                    <noscript><iframe data-no-script src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/421334983?h=&#038;pip=1&#038;playsinline=1&#038;portrait=0&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0\" allow=\"fullscreen\" class=\"tf_abs tf_w tf_h\"><\/iframe><\/noscript>\n                                <\/div>\n            <!-- \/video-wrap -->\n        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/video-wrap-outer -->\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"jl3p263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_jl3p263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_6zxg268 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_c63v268  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Specific Antibody-Mediated Immunity<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Here are the details of how lymphocytes can produce antibodies to attack specific pathogens.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"lqwi263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_lqwi263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_nw6q268 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_46ds268 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/helper-t-1024x949.jpg?resize=1024%2C200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Helper T cells tell naive (uneducated) B cells what to make antibodies against.  Some B cells can also activate directly when they come in  contact with a pathogen.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_zp6r268\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_juoz268 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/antibodies-1-1024x654.jpg?resize=1024%2C200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Most of the naive B cells that are educated become plasma B cells that pump out large quantities of antibodies.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_r2f3268\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_k47n269 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/antibody-1024x926.jpg?resize=1024%2C200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Antibodies attach to the antigens on the surface of pathogens.  This traps the pathogens in place and they can be consumed and destroyed by the phagocytes, including the macrophages.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-1 tb_3d4h269 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_0cdh269 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/def-antibodies-wide-1-1024x576.jpg?resize=1024%2C200\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                        <div class=\"image-caption tb_text_wrap\">\n            Some of the educated B cells hold back and are called memory B cells.  If the pathogen attacks again, the memory B cells become Plasma B cells and start producing antibodies against them quickly.        <\/div>\n        <!-- \/image-caption -->\n            <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"h5fo263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_h5fo263 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_0ak1269 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_vhf0263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_1ak3269 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_kyw8269 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" width=\"1165\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230-1024x1011.jpg?fit=1165%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"350\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-5361\" title=\"shutterstock_797210230\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=354%2C350&amp;ssl=1 354w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=300%2C296&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=1024%2C1011&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=768%2C758&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=1536%2C1516&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_6xzu269 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_k67v269  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Memory T and memory B cells can divide and remain in the body for days, weeks, years, or even decades.\u00a0 If a pathogen with the same antigen re-enters the body, the memory cells can quickly transform into active cytotoxic T cells or plasma B cells, bypassing the time it would take for the body to learn about antigens and what to kill.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_y5ed263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_jfzs270 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ij0t270  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Vaccines will be covered in the next module.\u00a0 They work by introducing an antigen into the body so memory cells are formed.\u00a0 If the pathogen mutates and antigens change, memory cells may no longer recognize the pathogen.\u00a0 This is why the influenza vaccine has to be repeatedly updated.<\/strong><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0khc270 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_1kn3270 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" width=\"1165\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043-1024x682.jpg?fit=1165%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"350\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-5359\" title=\"shutterstock_582993043\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=525%2C350&amp;ssl=1 525w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=1024%2C682&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_moer263 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_7rwv270 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"5hnj263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_5hnj263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_j2bd270 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_svb0270  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 19\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h6>Some patients with severe COVID-19 have something called a &#8220;cytokine storm&#8221; in the news.\u00a0 From the videos, why are cytokines important?\u00a0 A cytokine storm indicates that the body&#8217;s reaction against SARS-CoV-2 is so strong, there can be an excessive immune response that may itself be damaging.<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"wjkm263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_wjkm263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_kzbs271 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_hefm271  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>Antibody tests may indicate whether a person has responded to SARS-CoV-2.\u00a0 It does not indicate whether they have sufficient memory cells to have a rapid response if they re-encounter the virus.\u00a0 Antibodies also rise in the blood after infection, so antibody tests are not useful in detecting an early infection.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"ayuq263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_ayuq263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_y1g5271 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_kl35271  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p>The following vocabulary list may assist in understanding this guide&#8217;s material as well as COVID-19 news coverage.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_uz3u263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_05g1271 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_0ybn271  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h4>Vocabulary<\/h4>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_0d4o271 last\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_j9yt263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_z9jh271 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_2md6271  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>: a virus, bacterium, or protist that can cause disease.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antigen<\/strong>: molecules on a surface of a pathogen that are different than the markers on all of your own cells.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Infected Cell<\/strong>: a cell being attacked by a pathogen.\u00a0 For example, a respiratory epithelial cell that is infected by the influenza virus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chemical Signals<\/strong>: a variety of molecules communicate information between cells.\u00a0 Wounded and infected cells releases chemical signals that trigger the inflammation process.\u00a0 White blood cells also communicate with chemical signals.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_t7vs272\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_asm1272  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p><strong>Macrophage<\/strong>: a monocyte that has become a &#8220;big eater,&#8221; consuming debris and pathogens.\u00a0 The macrophage can remove the antigens from the surface of a pathogen and &#8220;present&#8221; these antigens to the helper T cell.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Helper T cell<\/strong>: a cell with the ability to recognize an antigen and communicate its structure through chemical signals to other T cells and B cells, educating them on what to destroy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cytotoxic (killer) T cell<\/strong>: once educated by the helper T cell, immature\/naive T cells can seek out and destroy cells infected with that specific pathogen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Memory T cell<\/strong>: some educated T cells hold back and do not turn cytotoxic until the pathogen re-enters the body at a later date.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_kw73272 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_n8l0272  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p><strong>Plasma B cell<\/strong>: immature (naive) B cells can be activated by helper T cells or by directly encountering a pathogen.\u00a0 Many turn into Plasma B cells that pump out antibodies that attach to specific antigens.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Antibody<\/strong>: a small Y-shaped molecule that attaches to the antigens on the surface of a specific pathogen.\u00a0 These antibodies can stick the pathogen into a ball that is consumed by the macrophage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Memory B cell<\/strong>: some educated B cells hold back and do not turn into plasma B cells until the pathogen re-enter the body.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Suppressor T cell<\/strong>: a group of cells, also called regulatory T cells, that slow down the white blood cells response once the pathogen has been eliminated.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-anchor=\"connect\" data-css_id=\"5d60263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_has_section tb_section-connect tb_5d60263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_8udl272 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_qdj4272  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Big Advances that are Coming Soon<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_5w8l263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_4syb272 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_kraj272 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/lymphocytes-1024x768.jpg?resize=1024%2C768\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_k2qw272  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Training cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells.\u00a0 This is a lot more precise and efficient than natural killer cells wandering around looking for any injured cell, and killing some harmless ones along the way.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_fcyr272 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_srn0272 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/suppressor-b-1024x768.jpg?resize=1024%2C768\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\">    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_zur3273  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <p style=\"text-align: left;\">Using suppressor (regulatory) T cells to reduce immune responses.\u00a0 This may be a critical step towards treating autoimmune disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis.<\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-parallax-bg=\"desktop\" data-anchor=\"reservation\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_has_section tb_section-reservation tb_rbp0263 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_8w01273 first\">\n                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-desktop-padding=\"3px,3px\" data-css_id=\"bext263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_bext263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_a278273 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_9dd2273  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>This is the end of the <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\">Defense Systems Guide<\/a>.\u00a0 Material from this guide and corresponding lecture, as well as the next <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/immunity\/#\">Immunity Guide<\/a>, are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"7ae2263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth_row_container tb_7ae2263 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_nsrb273 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_dppo273 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1165\" height=\"874\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=1165%2C874&#038;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-5380\" title=\"4\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1165px) 100vw, 1165px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_97wp273 last\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_vv42273  repeat  wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h5>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gvnl273  repeat  wow\" data-tf-animation=\"fadeInUp\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <ul>\n<li><strong>define what an antibody is and explain how it adheres to a pathogen?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>outline the steps of the antibody-mediated immune response?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><b>explain why memory B and memory T cells are important?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"k1bp263\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_k1bp263 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner gutter-none col_align_middle tb_col_count_2 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_3lcr274 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_orot274 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-364\" title=\"Number 3 orange square\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_7719274  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Go back to the Cell-Mediated Immunity Page<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col4-2 tb_tblg14 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_jznl15 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-361\" title=\"Guide Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_pwjh15  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Go back to the Defense Systems Guide Overview<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row tb_mj6q349 tf_w\">\n                        <div class=\"row_inner col_align_top tb_col_count_1 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col-full tb_nxhd349 first\">\n                    <!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ckeh350  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Defense Systems Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text --><!-- module divider -->\n<div  class=\"module tf_mw module-divider tb_l8zs350 solid  divider-custom divider-center\" style=\"border-width: 3px;border-color: #62a110;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 120px;\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n    <\/div>\n<!-- \/module divider -->\n<!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_dxc3350  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h6>The material from this guide and corresponding lecture is assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_subrow themify_builder_sub_row tf_w col_align_top tb_col_count_4 tb_4opb351\">\n                <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_4zmk352 first\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_blhd352 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/barriers\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-362\" title=\"Overview &amp; Barriers\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/barriers\/#\">\n                        Overview & Barriers                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_f5et352\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_gn9s352 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/inflammation\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-363\" title=\"Inflammation\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/inflammation\/#\">\n                        Inflammation                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_xi95352\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_bk9l352 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-364\" title=\"Cell-Mediated\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\">\n                        Cell-Mediated                    <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column sub_column col4-1 tb_rxc2352 last\">\n                    <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_011g352 image-top   tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-365\" title=\"Antibody-Mediated - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <div class=\"image-content\">\n                    <h3 class=\"image-title\">\n                                    Antibody-Mediated - YOU ARE HERE                            <\/h3>\n                    <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-content -->\n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image -->        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                        <div  data-css_id=\"sgqb169\" data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_row themify_builder_row fullwidth tb_sgqb169 tf_w\">\n            <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <div class=\"row_inner gutter-none col_align_top tb_col_count_3 tf_box tf_rel\">\n                        <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_tqpo169 first\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_7dp0170 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-357\" title=\"Module Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_9pwg170  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Back to Module 9<\/h3>\n<h5>This week&#8217;s overview<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_fejm170\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_81dx171 image-top drop-shadow  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-post-image wp-image-361\" title=\"Guide Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_gr4m171  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>This Guide<\/h3>\n<h6>Defense Systems<\/h6>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                    <div  data-lazy=\"1\" class=\"module_column tb-column col3-1 tb_toah171 last\">\n        <span  class=\"builder_row_cover tf_abs\" data-lazy=\"1\"><\/span>            <!-- module image -->\n<div  class=\"module module-image tb_lq7c171 image-top drop-shadow circle  tf_mw\" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div class=\"image-wrap tf_rel tf_mw\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\">\n                   <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png?resize=100%2C368\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" alt=\"\">        <\/a>\n    \n        <\/div>\n    <!-- \/image-wrap -->\n    \n        <\/div>\n<!-- \/module image --><!-- module text -->\n<div  class=\"module module-text tb_ne3j171  repeat \" data-lazy=\"1\">\n        <div  class=\"tb_text_wrap\">\n        <h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3>\n<h5>Submit Products<\/h5>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/module text -->        <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n<!--\/themify_builder_content-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antibody-Mediated Immunity scroll down Antibody-Mediated Objectives Define what an antibody is and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7650,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7727","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"builder_content":"<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square-100x100.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" title=\"Number 4 orange square\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\n<h1>Antibody-Mediated Immunity<\/h1>\n<em ><svg xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><use href=\"#tf-ti-angle-down\" xlink:href=\"#tf-ti-angle-down\"><\/use><\/svg><\/em> scroll down\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg\" title=\"4\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-4.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\n<h3>Antibody-Mediated Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul> <li><strong>Define what an antibody is and explain how it adheres to a pathogen.<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Outline the steps of the antibody-mediated immune response.<\/strong><\/li> <li><b>Explain why memory B and memory T cells are important.<\/b><\/li> <\/ul>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788-1024x723-495x350.jpg\" height=\"350\" title=\"shutterstock_1425363788\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=495%2C350&amp;ssl=1 495w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=300%2C212&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=1024%2C723&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=768%2C543&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?resize=1536%2C1085&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_1425363788.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Antibodies have been in the news a lot over the past year.\u00a0 The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can indicate that an individual had a COVID infection.\u00a0 Vaccines were given emergency approval in part because they resulted in a large antibody response.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p> <p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Antibodies are proteins that adhere to the antigens on the surface of a pathogen.\u00a0 This is a specific fit, like a key in a lock.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The previous section focused on cell-mediated immunity.\u00a0 This section focuses on the other acquired and specific response: antibody-mediated immunity.<\/strong><\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/420941850[\/embed]\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/421161802[\/embed]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>This poster summarizes the antibody-mediated response.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>One of the best ways to keep track of complex and overlapping processes is to sketch what you know.<\/strong><\/p>\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/421334983[\/embed]\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Specific Antibody-Mediated Immunity<\/h3> <p style=\"text-align: center;\">Here are the details of how lymphocytes can produce antibodies to attack specific pathogens.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/helper-t-1024x949.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"> Helper T cells tell naive (uneducated) B cells what to make antibodies against. Some B cells can also activate directly when they come in contact with a pathogen.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/antibodies-1-1024x654.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"> Most of the naive B cells that are educated become plasma B cells that pump out large quantities of antibodies.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/antibody-1024x926.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"> Antibodies attach to the antigens on the surface of pathogens. This traps the pathogens in place and they can be consumed and destroyed by the phagocytes, including the macrophages.\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/def-antibodies-wide-1-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"> Some of the educated B cells hold back and are called memory B cells. If the pathogen attacks again, the memory B cells become Plasma B cells and start producing antibodies against them quickly.\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230-1024x1011-354x350.jpg\" height=\"350\" title=\"shutterstock_797210230\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=354%2C350&amp;ssl=1 354w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=300%2C296&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=1024%2C1011&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=768%2C758&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?resize=1536%2C1516&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_797210230.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Memory T and memory B cells can divide and remain in the body for days, weeks, years, or even decades.\u00a0 If a pathogen with the same antigen re-enters the body, the memory cells can quickly transform into active cytotoxic T cells or plasma B cells, bypassing the time it would take for the body to learn about antigens and what to kill.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Vaccines will be covered in the next module.\u00a0 They work by introducing an antigen into the body so memory cells are formed.\u00a0 If the pathogen mutates and antigens change, memory cells may no longer recognize the pathogen.\u00a0 This is why the influenza vaccine has to be repeatedly updated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043-1024x682-525x350.jpg\" height=\"350\" title=\"shutterstock_582993043\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=525%2C350&amp;ssl=1 525w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=1024%2C682&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_582993043.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/>\n<h6>Some patients with severe COVID-19 have something called a \"cytokine storm\" in the news.\u00a0 From the videos, why are cytokines important?\u00a0 A cytokine storm indicates that the body's reaction against SARS-CoV-2 is so strong, there can be an excessive immune response that may itself be damaging.<\/h6>\n<p>Antibody tests may indicate whether a person has responded to SARS-CoV-2.\u00a0 It does not indicate whether they have sufficient memory cells to have a rapid response if they re-encounter the virus.\u00a0 Antibodies also rise in the blood after infection, so antibody tests are not useful in detecting an early infection.<\/p>\n<p>The following vocabulary list may assist in understanding this guide's material as well as COVID-19 news coverage.<\/p>\n<h4>Vocabulary<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Pathogen<\/strong>: a virus, bacterium, or protist that can cause disease.<\/p> <p><strong>Antigen<\/strong>: molecules on a surface of a pathogen that are different than the markers on all of your own cells.<\/p> <p><strong>Infected Cell<\/strong>: a cell being attacked by a pathogen.\u00a0 For example, a respiratory epithelial cell that is infected by the influenza virus.<\/p> <p><strong>Chemical Signals<\/strong>: a variety of molecules communicate information between cells.\u00a0 Wounded and infected cells releases chemical signals that trigger the inflammation process.\u00a0 White blood cells also communicate with chemical signals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Macrophage<\/strong>: a monocyte that has become a \"big eater,\" consuming debris and pathogens.\u00a0 The macrophage can remove the antigens from the surface of a pathogen and \"present\" these antigens to the helper T cell.<\/p> <p><strong>Helper T cell<\/strong>: a cell with the ability to recognize an antigen and communicate its structure through chemical signals to other T cells and B cells, educating them on what to destroy.<\/p> <p><strong>Cytotoxic (killer) T cell<\/strong>: once educated by the helper T cell, immature\/naive T cells can seek out and destroy cells infected with that specific pathogen.<\/p> <p><strong>Memory T cell<\/strong>: some educated T cells hold back and do not turn cytotoxic until the pathogen re-enters the body at a later date.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plasma B cell<\/strong>: immature (naive) B cells can be activated by helper T cells or by directly encountering a pathogen.\u00a0 Many turn into Plasma B cells that pump out antibodies that attach to specific antigens.<\/p> <p><strong>Antibody<\/strong>: a small Y-shaped molecule that attaches to the antigens on the surface of a specific pathogen.\u00a0 These antibodies can stick the pathogen into a ball that is consumed by the macrophage.<\/p> <p><strong>Memory B cell<\/strong>: some educated B cells hold back and do not turn into plasma B cells until the pathogen re-enter the body.<\/p> <p><strong>Suppressor T cell<\/strong>: a group of cells, also called regulatory T cells, that slow down the white blood cells response once the pathogen has been eliminated.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Big Advances that are Coming Soon<\/h5>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/lymphocytes-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Training cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells.\u00a0 This is a lot more precise and efficient than natural killer cells wandering around looking for any injured cell, and killing some harmless ones along the way.<\/p>\n<img src=\"http:\/\/naturejournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/suppressor-b-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Using suppressor (regulatory) T cells to reduce immune responses.\u00a0 This may be a critical step towards treating autoimmune disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis.<\/p>\n<h6>This is the end of the <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\">Defense Systems Guide<\/a>.\u00a0 Material from this guide and corresponding lecture, as well as the next <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/immunity\/#\">Immunity Guide<\/a>, are assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg\" title=\"4\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/4-5.jpg?resize=1536%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\n<h5>Check your knowledge.\u00a0 Can you:<\/h5>\n<ul> <li><strong>define what an antibody is and explain how it adheres to a pathogen?<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>outline the steps of the antibody-mediated immune response?<\/strong><\/li> <li><b>explain why memory B and memory T cells are important?<\/b><\/li> <\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square-100x100.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" title=\"Number 3 orange square\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> <\/a>\n<h3>Go back to the Cell-Mediated Immunity Page<\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon-100x100.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" title=\"Guide Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> <\/a>\n<h3>Go back to the Defense Systems Guide Overview<\/h3>\n<h3>Defense Systems Lecture Guide Contents<\/h3>\n\n<h6>The material from this guide and corresponding lecture is assessed on the weekly quiz.<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/barriers\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Overview &amp; Barriers\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-1-orange-square.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/barriers\/#\"> Overview & Barriers <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/inflammation\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Inflammation\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-2-orange-square.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/inflammation\/#\"> Inflammation <\/a> <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Cell-Mediated\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-3-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/> <\/a> <h3> <a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/cell-mediated\/#\"> Cell-Mediated <\/a> <\/h3>\n<img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square-200x200.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" title=\"Antibody-Mediated - YOU ARE HERE\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=768%2C770&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Number-4-orange-square.jpg?w=997&amp;ssl=1 997w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/> <h3> Antibody-Mediated - YOU ARE HERE <\/h3>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon-100x100.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" title=\"Module Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Module-Icon.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> <\/a>\n<h3>Back to Module 9<\/h3> <h5>This week's overview<\/h5>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/campus-humanbio\/defenses\/systems\/#\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon-100x100.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" title=\"Guide Icon\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/humanbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Guide-Icon.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> <\/a>\n<h3>This Guide<\/h3> <h6>Defense Systems<\/h6>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oregonstate.instructure.com\"> <img src=\"http:\/\/vividscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-14-at-10.32.37-PM-3.png\" width=\"100\" height=\"368\" alt=\"\"> <\/a>\n<h3>Direct Link to Canvas<\/h3> <h5>Submit Products<\/h5>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7727"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7727\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7747,"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7727\/revisions\/7747"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/humanbio.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}